The Library of Babel

1. Introduction

The Library of Babel is an extensible collection of ready-made and easily-shortcut-callable source-code blocks for handling common tasks. Org-babel comes pre-populated with the source-code blocks located in this file. It is possible to add source-code blocks from any org-mode file to the library by calling (org-babel-lob-ingest "path/to/file.org").

This file is included in worg mainly less for viewing through the web interface, and more for contribution through the worg git repository. If you have code snippets that you think others may find useful please add them to this file and How to use git for Worg to worg.

The raw Org-mode text of this file can be downloaded at library-of-babel.org

2. Simple

A collection of simple utility functions:

input

3. File I/O

3.1. Reading and writing files

Read the contents of the file at file. The :results vector and :results scalar header arguments can be used to read the contents of file as either a table or a string.

(if (string= format "csv")
    (with-temp-buffer
      (org-table-import (expand-file-name file) nil)
      (org-table-to-lisp))
  (with-temp-buffer
    (insert-file-contents (expand-file-name file))
    (buffer-string)))

Write data to a file at file. If data is a list, then write it as a table in traditional Org-mode table syntax.

(cl-flet ((echo (r) (if (stringp r) r (format "%S" r))))
  (with-temp-file file
    (case (and (listp data)
               (or ext (intern (file-name-extension file))))
      ('tsv (insert (orgtbl-to-tsv data '(:fmt echo))))
      ('csv (insert (orgtbl-to-csv data '(:fmt echo))))
      (t    (org-babel-insert-result data)))))
nil

3.2. Remote files

3.2.1. json

Read local or remote file in json format into emacs-lisp objects.

(require 'json)
(cond
 (file
  (org-babel-with-temp-filebuffer file
    (goto-char (point-min))
    (json-read)))
 (url
  (require 'w3m)
  (with-temp-buffer
    (w3m-retrieve url)
    (goto-char (point-min))
    (json-read))))

3.2.2. Google docs

The following code blocks make use of the googlecl Google command line tool. This tool provides functionality for accessing Google services from the command line, and the following code blocks use googlecl for reading from and writing to Google docs with Org-mode code blocks.

Read a document from Google docs

The google command seems to be throwing "Moved Temporarily" errors when trying to download textual documents, but this is working fine for spreadsheets.

(let* ((file (concat title "." format))
       (cmd (format "google docs get --format %S --title %S" format title)))
  (message cmd) (message (shell-command-to-string cmd))
  (prog1 (if (string= format "csv")
             (with-temp-buffer
               (org-table-import (shell-quote-argument file) '(4))
               (org-table-to-lisp))
           (with-temp-buffer
             (insert-file-contents (shell-quote-argument file))
             (buffer-string)))
    (delete-file file)))

For example, a line like the following can be used to read the contents of a spreadsheet named num-cells into a table.

#+call: gdoc-read(title="num-cells"")

A line like the following can be used to read the contents of a document as a string.

#+call: gdoc-read(title="loremi", :format "txt")

Write a document to a Google docs

Write data to a google document named title. If data is tabular it will be saved to a spreadsheet, otherwise it will be saved as a normal document.

(let* ((format (if (listp data) "csv" "txt"))
       (tmp-file (make-temp-file "org-babel-google-doc" nil (concat "." format)))
       (cmd (format "google docs upload --title %S %S" title tmp-file)))
  (with-temp-file tmp-file
    (insert
     (if (listp data)
         (orgtbl-to-csv
          data '(:fmt (lambda (el) (if (stringp el) el (format "%S" el)))))
       (if (stringp data) data (format "%S" data)))))
  (message cmd)
  (prog1 (shell-command-to-string cmd) (delete-file tmp-file)))

example usage

#+name: fibs
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :var n=8
(cl-flet ((fib (m) (if (< m 2) 1 (+ (fib (- m 1)) (fib (- m 2))))))
  (mapcar (lambda (el) (list el (fib el))) (number-sequence 0 (- n 1))))
#+end_src

#+call: gdoc-write(title="fibs", data=fibs(n=10))

4. Plotting code

4.1. R

Plot column 2 (y axis) against column 1 (x axis). Columns 3 and beyond, if present, are ignored.

Running this code will create a file Rplots.pdf in the current working directory.

plot(data)

1	2
2	4
3	9
4	16
5	25

4.2. Gnuplot

5. Org reference

5.1. Headline references

(save-excursion
  (when file (get-file-buffer file))
  (org-open-link-from-string (org-make-link-string headline))
  (save-restriction
    (org-narrow-to-subtree)
    (buffer-string)))

6. Tables

6.1. LaTeX Table Export

6.1.1. booktabs

This source block can be used to wrap a table in the latex booktabs environment. The source block adds a toprule and bottomrule (so don't use hline at the top or bottom of the table). The hline after the header is replaced with a midrule.

Note that this function bypasses the Org-mode LaTeX exporter and calls orgtbl-to-generic to create the output table. This means that the entries in the table are not translated from Org-mode to LaTeX.

It takes the following arguments – all but the first two are optional.

arg	description
table	a reference to the table
align	alignment string
env	optional environment, default to "tabular"
width	optional width specification string

(cl-flet ((to-tab (tab)
               (orgtbl-to-generic
                (mapcar (lambda (lis)
                          (if (listp lis)
                              (mapcar (lambda (el)
                                        (if (stringp el)
                                            el
                                          (format "%S" el))) lis)
                            lis)) tab)
                (list :lend " \\\\" :sep " & " :hline "\\hline"))))
  (org-fill-template
   "
\\begin{%env}%width%align
\\toprule
%table
\\bottomrule
\\end{%env}\n"
   (list
    (cons "env"       (or env "table"))
    (cons "width"     (if width (format "{%s}" width) ""))
    (cons "align"     (if align (format "{%s}" align) ""))
    (cons "table"
          ;; only use \midrule if it looks like there are column headers
          (if (equal 'hline (second table))
              (concat (to-tab (list (first table)))
                      "\n\\midrule\n"
                      (to-tab (cddr table)))
            (to-tab table))))))

6.1.2. longtable

This block can be used to wrap a table in the latex longtable environment, it takes the following arguments – all but the first two are optional.

arg	description
table	a reference to the table
align	optional alignment string
width	optional width specification string
hline	the string to use as hline separator, defaults to "\\hline"
head	optional "head" string
firsthead	optional "firsthead" string
foot	optional "foot" string
lastfoot	optional "lastfoot" string

(org-fill-template
 "
\\begin{longtable}%width%align
%firsthead
%head
%foot
%lastfoot

%table
\\end{longtable}\n"
 (list
  (cons "width"     (if width (format "{%s}" width) ""))
  (cons "align"     (if align (format "{%s}" align) ""))
  (cons "firsthead" (if firsthead (concat firsthead "\n\\endfirsthead\n") ""))
  (cons "head"      (if head (concat head "\n\\endhead\n") ""))
  (cons "foot"      (if foot (concat foot "\n\\endfoot\n") ""))
  (cons "lastfoot"  (if lastfoot (concat lastfoot "\n\\endlastfoot\n") ""))
  (cons "table" (orgtbl-to-generic
                 (mapcar (lambda (lis)
                           (if (listp lis)
                               (mapcar (lambda (el)
                                         (if (stringp el)
                                             el
                                           (format "%S" el))) lis)
                             lis)) table)
                 (list :lend " \\\\" :sep " & " :hline hline)))))

6.1.3. booktabs-notes

This source block builds on No description for this link. It accepts two additional arguments, both of which are optional.

arg	description
notes	an org-mode table with footnotes
lspace	if non-nil, insert `addlinespace` after `bottomrule`

An example footnote to the arguments table specifies the column span. Note the use of LaTeX, rather than Org-mode, markup.

\multicolumn{2}{l}{This is a footnote to the \emph{arguments} table.}

(cl-flet ((to-tab (tab)
               (orgtbl-to-generic
                (mapcar (lambda (lis)
                          (if (listp lis)
                              (mapcar (lambda (el)
                                        (if (stringp el)
                                            el
                                          (format "%S" el))) lis)
                            lis)) tab)
                (list :lend " \\\\" :sep " & " :hline "\\hline"))))
  (org-fill-template
   "
  \\begin{%env}%width%align
  \\toprule
  %table
  \\bottomrule%spacer
  %notes
  \\end{%env}\n"
   (list
    (cons "env"       (or env "table"))
    (cons "width"     (if width (format "{%s}" width) ""))
    (cons "align"     (if align (format "{%s}" align) ""))
    (cons "spacer"    (if lspace "\\addlinespace" ""))
    (cons "table"
          ;; only use \midrule if it looks like there are column headers
          (if (equal 'hline (second table))
              (concat (to-tab (list (first table)))
                      "\n\\midrule\n"
                      (to-tab (cddr table)))
            (to-tab table)))
    (cons "notes" (if notes (to-tab notes) ""))
    )))

6.2. Elegant lisp for transposing a matrix

1	2	3
4	5	6

(apply #'mapcar* #'list table)

1	4
2	5
3	6

6.3. Convert every element of a table to a string

1	2	3
a	b	c

(defun all-to-string (tbl)
  (if (listp tbl)
      (mapcar #'all-to-string tbl)
    (if (stringp tbl)
        tbl
      (format "%s" tbl))))
(all-to-string tbl)

(mapcar (lambda (row) (mapcar (lambda (cell) (stringp cell)) row)) tbl)

nil	nil	nil
t	t	t

(mapcar (lambda (row) (mapcar (lambda (cell) (stringp cell)) row)) tbl)

t	t	t
t	t	t

7. Misc

7.1. File-specific Version Control logging

This function will attempt to retrieve the entire commit log for the file associated with the current buffer and insert this log into the export. The function uses the Emacs VC commands to interface to the local version control system, but has only been tested to work with Git. 'limit' is currently unsupported.

;; Most of this code is copied from vc.el vc-print-log
(require 'vc)
(when (vc-find-backend-function
       (vc-backend (buffer-file-name (get-buffer buf))) 'print-log)
  (let ((limit -1)
        (vc-fileset nil)
        (backend nil)
        (files nil))
    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer buf)
      (setq vc-fileset (vc-deduce-fileset t)) ; FIXME: Why t? --Stef
      (setq backend (car vc-fileset))
      (setq files (cadr vc-fileset)))
    (with-temp-buffer
      (let ((status (vc-call-backend
                     backend 'print-log files (current-buffer))))
        (when (and (processp status)   ; Make sure status is a process
                   (= 0 (process-exit-status status))) ; which has not terminated
          (while (not (eq 'exit (process-status status)))
            (sit-for 1 t)))
        (buffer-string)))))

7.2. Trivial python code blocks

a + b

7.3. Arithmetic

(+ a b)

(- a b)

(* a b)

(/ a b)

8. GANTT Charts

The elispgantt source block was sent to the mailing list by Eric Fraga. It was modified slightly by Tom Dye.

8.1. Example table of tasks and milestones for GANTT chart generation

The following table describes the tasks and other relevant information for a project. Each line is an entry and there are three types of entry allowed in this table:

task: an actual task that has a start time, a duration and an end time.
milestone: a specific milestone in the project that has a start time alone
date: a point in time that will be drawn as a vertical line in the GANTT chart (e.g. start of each year).

Each element of the chart will be annotated with the content of the label column of each entry. The first column of the table is ignored but I use it to number the entries. The last column, titled align, is used to determine where to place the activity text for tasks, whether to the left or right of the bar or, if nothing is specified, centred within the bar itself.

	type	label	activity	depends	start	duration	end	align
1	date	Start			0		0
2	task	1.1	Lit survey		0	3	3	right
3	task	1.2	Develop model	2	3	9	12	right
4	milestone	M1	model	3	12		12
5	task	1.3	Implement	3	12	6	18	left
6	date	Y1			12		12
7	milestone	M2	software	5	18		18
8	task	2.1	Surrogate	3	15	6	21	left
9	task	2.2	Implement	7	21	3	24	left
10	milestone	M3	software	8	24		24
11	date	End			24		24

8.2. elispgantt

(let ((dates "")
      (entries (nthcdr 2 table))
      (milestones "")
      (nmilestones 0)
      (ntasks 0)
      (projecttime 0)
      (tasks "")
      (xlength 1))
  (message "Initial: %s\n" table)
  (message "Entries: %s\n" entries)
  (while entries
    (let ((entry (first entries)))
      (if (listp entry)
          (let ((id (first entry))
                (type (nth 1 entry))
                (label (nth 2 entry))
                (task (nth 3 entry))
                (dependencies (nth 4 entry))
                (start (nth 5 entry))
                (duration (nth 6 entry))
                (end (nth 7 entry))
                (alignment (nth 8 entry)))
            (if (> start projecttime) (setq projecttime start))
            (if (string= type "task")
                (let ((end (+ start duration))
                      (textposition (+ start (/ duration 2)))
                      (flush ""))
                  (if (string= alignment "left")
                      (progn
                        (setq textposition start)
                        (setq flush "[left]"))
                    (if (string= alignment "right")
                        (progn
                          (setq textposition end)
                          (setq flush "[right]"))))
                  (setq tasks
                        (format "%s  \\gantttask{%s}{%s}{%d}{%d}{%d}{%s}\n"
                                tasks label task start end textposition flush))
                  (setq ntasks (+ 1 ntasks))
                  (if (> end projecttime)
                      (setq projecttime end)))
              (if (string= type "milestone")
                  (progn
                    (setq milestones
                          (format
                           "%s  \\ganttmilestone{$\\begin{array}{c}\\mbox{%s}\\\\ \\mbox{%s}\\end{array}$}{%d}\n"
                           milestones label task start))
                    (setq nmilestones (+ 1 nmilestones)))
                (if (string= type "date")
                    (setq dates (format "%s  \\ganttdateline{%s}{%d}\n"
                                        dates label start))
                  (message "Ignoring entry with type %s\n" type)))))
        (message "Ignoring non-list entry %s\n" entry)) ; end if list entry
      (setq entries (cdr entries))))  ; end while entries left
  (format "\\pgfdeclarelayer{background}
\\pgfdeclarelayer{foreground}
\\pgfsetlayers{background,foreground}
\\renewcommand{\\ganttprojecttime}{%d}
\\renewcommand{\\ganttntasks}{%d}
\\noindent
\\begin{tikzpicture}[y=-0.75cm,x=0.75\\textwidth]
  \\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
    \\draw[very thin, red!10!white] (0,1+\\ganttntasks) grid [ystep=0.75cm,xstep=1/\\ganttprojecttime] (1,0);
    \\draw[\\ganttdatelinecolour] (0,0) -- (1,0);
    \\draw[\\ganttdatelinecolour] (0,1+\\ganttntasks) -- (1,1+\\ganttntasks);
  \\end{pgfonlayer}
%s
%s
%s
\\end{tikzpicture}" projecttime ntasks tasks milestones dates))

9. Available languages

See this page

10. Default result for block execution

When a source code block has no :result parameter, the default behavior is to use the functional value of the execution as the result. However, some languages use an option to deviate from this default behavior. Below is a list of such options:

Org Babel file	Default result	Option
ob-shell.el	output	org-babel-shell-results-defaults-to-output